View source for Kinase Group AGC

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[[kinase classification|Kinase Classification]]: [[Kinase_Group_AGC|AGC Group]]

The AGC group is named after the protein kinase A, G, and C families (PKA, PKC, PKG) which have a long history as cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases that are regulated by secondary messengers such as cyclic AMP (PKA) or lipids (PKC). The group consits of 16 families, of which 8 are likely to have been in early eukaryotes, with another two (RSK, PKC) in the fungal/metazoan lineage and 6 more (PKG, PKN, DMPK, YANK, RSKR, RSKL) only found in metazoans. See also our annotated [http://www.cellsignal.com/reference/kinase/agc.html AGC tree], a general review of AGC kinases <cite>Pearce</cite> and a sequence analysis of the group <cite>Kannan</cite>.

==AGC kinase families==

===[[Kinase_Family_PKA|PKA]]===
Protein Kinase A/ cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), activated by cAMP production downstream of G protein coupled receptors, and other stimuli. Multiple members found in all eukaryotes.

===[[Kinase_Family_PKC|PKC]]===
Protein Kinase C. A large family responsive to lipid signaling.

===[[Kinase_Family_PKG|PKG]]===
Protein Kinase G, or cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Implicated in several functions, including smooth muscle and platelet biology and foraging behavior.

===[[Kinase_Family_PKN|PKN]]===
Protein Kinase N (aka PRK). Found in metazoans, with three copies in mammals, with only the mammalian PKN1 (PRK1) characterized. The C-terminal kinase domain is very similar to PKC, but these are activated by Rho binding to N-terminal HR1 domains, also found in [[Kinase_Subfamily_PKC-fun|fungal PKCs]] and the [[Kinase_Family_DMPK|DMPK]] family.

===[[Kinase_Family_PDK1|PDK1]]===
'Master Kinase' that activates most other AGC kinases. A key component in transducing signals from phosphoinsoitides (from Insulin and various growth signals) to several other AGC-Group kinases including Akt, SGK, PKC and RSK members, as well as mTOR.

===[[Kinase_Family_AKT|AKT]] and [[Kinase_Family_SGK|SGK]]===
Akt (also known as Protein Kinase B, PKB) is downstream of PDK1 in insulin and growth factor signaling. Akt proteins include lipid-binding PH domains, while the closely related SGK (Serum and Glucocortioid induced Kinases) kinases lack this domain.

===[[Kinase_Family_RSK|RSK]], [[Kinase_Family_RSKR|RSKR]], and [[Kinase_Family_RSKL|RSKL]]===
Ribosomal protein S6 Kinases. RSKL and RSKR are a poorly-examined metazoan families whose sequences are quite close to RSK. The three main subfamilies of RSK are p70, p90 (RSK) and MSK. The latter two each have secondary domains that belong to the [[Kinase_Group_CAMK|CAMK]] group of kinases.

===[[Kinase_Family_GRK|GRK]]===
G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. As the name replies, they modulate GPCRs, including the rhodopsin light-sensitive GPCR, and a variety of neurotransmitter receptors.

===[[Kinase_Family_NDR|NDR]] and [[Kinase_Family_MAST|MAST]]===
Primordial families whose sequences are highly similar and sometimes difficult to distinguish. MAST kinases have two subfamilies: MASTL (MAST-like) and MAST. The MASTL kinases have a very long insert in the [[activation loop]] region (with patches of sequence conservation), but little sequence upstream or downstream of the kinase, while MAST kinases have long C-terminal extensions with known and novel domains.

===[[Kinase_Family_DMPK|DMPK]]===
Named after the Myotonic Dystrophy Protein Kinase

===[[Kinase_Family_YANK|YANK]]===
A family about which so little is known, it stands for "Yet Another Novel Kinase". Several human members linked to neurological disorders and cancer.

===[[Kinase_Family_PTF|PTF]]===
Includes plant phototrophin receptors and fungal flippase kinases


====References====
<biblio>
#Kannan pmid=17227859
#Pearce pmid=20027184
</biblio>